Progress and innovation of nanostructured sulfur cathodes and metal-free anodes for room-temperature Na–S batteries

• Marina Tabuyo-Martínez,
• Bernd Wicklein and
• Pilar Aranda

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 995–1020, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.75

• wt % of SeS2. As a result, the cathode exhibits a reversible capacity of 800 mAh·g−1 after 400 cycles at 1 A·g−1. Sodium polysulfide composites as cathodes Long-chain sodium polysulfide composites emerged as an alternative to cathode composites using elemental sulfur as active material. This is

• electrocatalytic performance of the nanoclusters reduces long-chain polysulfides to short-chain polysulfides avoiding the shuttle effect. Among all of them, the iron nanoclusters displayed the most outstanding reversible capacity of initially 1023 mAh·g−1 and 394 mAh·g−1 after 1000 cycles at 0.1 A·g−1. Yan et al

• based on nickel disulfide nanocrystals implanted in nitrogen-doped porous carbon nanotubes. It exhibits high reversible capacity of 650 mAh·g−1 after 200 cycles at 0.1 A·g−1 and excellent cycling stability for 3500 cycles. Additionally, Kumar et al. [51] described a cathode, based on manganese dioxide

Solution combustion synthesis of a nanometer-scale Co₃O₄ anode material for Li-ion batteries

• Monika Michalska,
• Huajun Xu,
• Qingmin Shan,
• Shiqiang Zhang,
• Yohan Dall'Agnese,
• Yu Gao,
• Amrita Jain and
• Marcin Krajewski

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2021, 12, 424–431, doi:10.3762/bjnano.12.34

• gel-like SEI layer, which provides some additional reversible capacity apart from the reversible conversion reactions occurring on the electrodes [4][15][17][19][21][24][26][29][34][37][40][52]. This additional lithium storage is often referred to as “pseudo capacitive” mechanism [25][29]. It is also

• additional reversible capacity (cf. Figure 3c and [25][29]) and, at the same time, causes a small increase of the impedance. The high rate capability is an important limitation for high-power applications such as electric vehicles. Therefore, rate capability measurements have been performed for the studied

Gas sorption porosimetry for the evaluation of hard carbons as anodes for Li- and Na-ion batteries

• Yuko Matsukawa,
• Fabian Linsenmann,
• Maximilian A. Plass,
• George Hasegawa,
• Katsuro Hayashi and
• Tim-Patrick Fellinger

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2020, 11, 1217–1229, doi:10.3762/bjnano.11.106

• of carbon materials for commercial application. Besides the remaining questions about the reversible capacity, the reduction of the irreversible capacity for disordered carbons is another important field of research crucial for commercialization. As already mentioned above, one of the reasons why HCs

• ]. These unwanted side reactions are expected to reduce the reversible capacity that can be obtained by adsorption within the pore system. In this work, we use different gas sorption porosimetry (GSP) techniques to investigate surface areas and porosities, contributed by pores of different size, of

• HCs to their electrochemical properties as LIB (Figure 3a,b) and SIB (Figure 3c,d) anodes, irreversible capacity and reversible capacity were defined as follows: the irreversible capacity is the difference between the 1st charge and the 3rd discharge capacity. The reversible capacity is defined by the

Design and facile synthesis of defect-rich C-MoS₂/rGO nanosheets for enhanced lithium–sulfur battery performance

• Chengxiang Tian,
• Juwei Wu,
• Zheng Ma,
• Bo Li,
• Pengcheng Li,
• Xiaotao Zu and
• Xia Xiang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 2251–2260, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.217

• /rGO-6-S electrode still shows a reversible capacity of 551 mAh·g−1 even at the elevated discharge and charge rate of 2C, indicating a better rate capability. A capacity of 939 mAh·g−1 is retained for the C-MoS2/rGO-6-S electrode, i.e., approximately 72% capacity retention of the initial capacity after

TiO₂/GO-coated functional separator to suppress polysulfide migration in lithium–sulfur batteries

• Ning Liu,
• Lu Wang,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Yan Zhao and
• Yongguang Zhang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 1726–1736, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.168

• than the Li/S batteries with a pristine separator. When the c-rate was increased from 0.2 to 0.5, 1 and 2 C, the TiO2/GO-coated separator batteries delivered a high reversible capacity of 889.7, 685.9, 546.4 and 419.7 mAh g−1, respectively. Even at a high c-rate of 3 C, a reasonably high reversible

• capacity of ≈320.8 mAh g−1 was delivered by the TiO2/GO-coated separator batteries. Moreover, once the current density was restored to a low rate (0.5 C), the TiO2/GO-coated separator batteries exhibited a capacity of 655 mAh g−1, which corresponds to a recovery of 95.5%. On the other hand, the Li/S

A porous 3D-RGO@MWCNT hybrid material as Li–S battery cathode

• Yongguang Zhang,
• Jun Ren,
• Yan Zhao,
• Taizhe Tan,
• Fuxing Yin and
• Yichao Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2019, 10, 514–521, doi:10.3762/bjnano.10.52

• (3D-RGO), showing a reversible capacity of 790 mAh·g−1 (at 0.2C) after 200 cycles [26]. It has been reported that three-dimensional carbon nanotubes/graphene–sulfur (3DCGS) is an excellent cathode template, revealing a final capacity of 975 mAh·g−1 after 200 cycles [24]. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can be

• 1102 mAh·g−1 and a retained reversible capacity of 805 mAh·g−1 after 200 cycles. This result concurs with that observed in the cycling performance of the S-3D-RGO@MWCNT cathode (Figure 6b). The discharge/charge coulombic efficiency was maintained at approximately 98% after 200 cycles. The cycling

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes coated with zinc oxide nanoparticles as sulfur encapsulator for high-performance lithium/sulfur batteries

• Yan Zhao,
• Zhengjun Liu,
• Liancheng Sun,
• Yongguang Zhang,
• Yuting Feng,
• Xin Wang,
• Indira Kurmanbayeva and
• Zhumabay Bakenov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2018, 9, 1677–1685, doi:10.3762/bjnano.9.159

• mAh·g−1 at a charge/discharge rate of 0.2C and maintained a reversible capacity of 665 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles. The coulombic efficiency of the cathode remains unchanged above 99%, showing stable cycling performance. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the formation of S–Zn and S–O

• -ion batteries with a reversible capacity of 664 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles at a current density of 100 mA·g−1. Inspired by these results, we decided to use the ZnO@NCNT composite as a part of cathode in Li/S batteries, focusing on the effect of ZnO@NCNT on the absorption of polysulfides. Accordingly, in

• gradually decreases with the cycling rate, at each individual rate from 0.2C to 2C, the composite cathode exhibit a relatively steady reversible capacity. At 2C, a reversible capacity of 650 mAh·g−1 was reached. When the current rate was changed back to 0.1C, the capacity of the S/ZnO@NCNT cathode recovered

Ab initio study of adsorption and diffusion of lithium on transition metal dichalcogenide monolayers

• Xiaoli Sun and
• Zhiguo Wang

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2711–2718, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.270

• excellent cycling stability and superior rate performance. The composites exhibited a high discharge capacity of 1546 mAh/g after 300 cycles. The MoS2 composites grown on TiO2 nanotubes show better rate capability with a reversible capacity of 461 mAh/g at 1000 mA/g, compared with the capacity of pure MoS2

One-step chemical vapor deposition synthesis and supercapacitor performance of nitrogen-doped porous carbon–carbon nanotube hybrids

• Egor V. Lobiak,
• Lyubov G. Bulusheva,
• Ekaterina O. Fedorovskaya,
• Yury V. Shubin,
• Pavel E. Plyusnin,
• Pierre Lonchambon,
• Boris V. Senkovskiy,
• Zinfer R. Ismagilov,
• Emmanuel Flahaut and
• Alexander V. Okotrub

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2669–2679, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.267

• , and nanostructured CaCO3 as a template [16]. The electrodes from the synthesis products exhibited a good reversible capacity and long-term cycling stability. The role of CNTs in such hybrids was to enhance the electrical conductivity and to act as a physical barrier, blocking large pores in the second

Systematic control of α-Fe₂O₃ crystal growth direction for improved electrochemical performance of lithium-ion battery anodes

• Nan Shen,
• Miriam Keppeler,
• Barbara Stiaszny,
• Holger Hain,
• Filippo Maglia and
• Madhavi Srinivasan

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 2032–2044, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.204

• shorter α-Fe2O3 nanorods (≈240 nm up to ≈280 nm) the capacity even reaches values beyond the theoretical value of 1007 mAh g−1 (based on the classical conversion reaction) over the monitored area. Such additional capacity occurrences and/or capacity increases in the reversible capacity regime were

Fabrication of hierarchically porous TiO₂ nanofibers by microemulsion electrospinning and their application as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

• Jin Zhang,
• Yibing Cai,
• Xuebin Hou,
• Xiaofei Song,
• Pengfei Lv,
• Huimin Zhou and
• Qufu Wei

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 1297–1306, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.131

• efficiency of 61.51%; and the discharge capacity maintained 264.56 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles, which was much higher than that of solid TiO2 nanofibers. TiO2 nanofibers with TBT/paraffin oil ratio of 2.25 still obtained a high reversible capacity of 204.53 mAh·g−1 when current density returned back to 40 mA·g

• ratio of 2.25 still obtained a high reversible capacity of 204.53 mAh·g−1 when the current density returned back to 40 mA·g-1. The results confirmed microemulsion electrospinning is indeed a simple and versatile method to prepare porous nanofibers with large specific surface area and the prepared

Synthesis of graphene–transition metal oxide hybrid nanoparticles and their application in various fields

• Arpita Jana,
• Elke Scheer and
• Sebastian Polarz

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 688–714, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.74

• high-performance LIBs. This hybrid material exhibited large reversible capacity, excellent cyclic performance and good rate capability [178][179]. Magnetic cobalt NPs anchored on GSs were prepared by a two-step procedure, consisting of code position and thermal treatment [180]. The Co–graphene hybrid

• graphene encapsulated Co3O4 NPs which have a high reversible capacity of 1000 mAh·g−1 over 130 cycles and is superior to Co3O4 NPs with respect to capacitor applications [185]. Kumar et al. have prepared graphene-wrapped Co3O4-intercalated hybrid nanostructures using microwave irradiation [186] and this

Carbon nanotube-wrapped Fe₂O₃ anode with improved performance for lithium-ion batteries

• Guoliang Gao,
• Yan Jin,
• Qun Zeng,
• Deyu Wang and
• Cai Shen

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 649–656, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.69

• precursor to prepare Fe2O3/COOH-MWCNT composites through a simple hydrothermal synthesis. When these composites were used as electrode material in lithium-ion batteries, a reversible capacity of 711.2 mAh·g−1 at a current density of 500 mA·g−1 after 400 cycles was obtained. The result indicated that Fe2O3

• /GCNTs exhibited a high reversible capacity of 716 mAh·g−1 at 50 mA·g−1 after 120 cycles. Nevertheless, these materials demonstrated low capacity at high current densities. In this paper, we have used ethanolamine as precursor to prepare Fe2O3/COOH-MWCNT composites through a simple hydrothermal synthesis

• good cycle stability. Conclusion In summary, we have successfully fabricated an Fe2O3/COOH-MWCNT composite material using ethanolamine and iron chloride hexahydrate as precursors. Fe2O3 nanoparticles with secondary structures were evenly distributed in the COOH-MWCNT network. A reversible capacity of

Phosphorus-doped silicon nanorod anodes for high power lithium-ion batteries

• Chao Yan,
• Qianru Liu,
• Jianzhi Gao,
• Zhibo Yang and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2017, 8, 222–228, doi:10.3762/bjnano.8.24

• with mesoporous carbon and crystalline TiO2 as the double shells. It delivered a high reversible capacity of 1726 mAh/g over 100 cycles [10]. Among various nanostructured Si anodes, the electrodes prepared by depositing Si layers directly on nanostructured current collectors always shows an improved

• cycles. For the current density of 9 A/g, a reversible capacity of 1100 mAh/g was obtained in the first cycle, which delivered a capacity retention of 90% after 100 cycles. The capacity reduction in the initial 10 cycles can be ascribed to the polarization and peel off of the active Si. After 10 cycles

Improved lithium-ion battery anode capacity with a network of easily fabricated spindle-like carbon nanofibers

• Mengting Liu,
• Wenhe Xie,
• Lili Gu,
• Tianfeng Qin,
• Xiaoyi Hou and
• Deyan He

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2016, 7, 1289–1295, doi:10.3762/bjnano.7.120

• performance were investigated in detail. As a binder-free LIB anode, the network impressively delivered a high reversible capacity of 875.5 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles and 1005.5 mAh g−1 after 250 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of more than 99.5% at a current density of 0.2 A g−1. Results and Discussion

• gradually upon cycling. These results are in good accordance with the galvanostatic discharge–charge tests. When the cell is tested to the 200th cycle, the reversible capacity is maintained to 875.5 mAh g−1, which is much larger than those of 672 and 479.1 mAh g−1 for the control samples of carbon anchored

• with MnO and carbon anchored with N, respectively. It is worth noting that the reversible capacity is as high as 1005.5 mAh g−1 when the cell is tested to the 250th cycle. As listed in Table 1, such a high capacity is impressive among the numerous, relevant, previous works on MnO–C-composite-based LIB

Metal hydrides: an innovative and challenging conversion reaction anode for lithium-ion batteries

• Luc Aymard,
• Yassine Oumellal and
• Jean-Pierre Bonnet

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2015, 6, 1821–1839, doi:10.3762/bjnano.6.186

• examples from binary, ternary and complex hydrides is presented, with a comparison between thermodynamic prediction and experimental results. MgH2 constitutes one of the most attractive metal hydrides with a reversible capacity of 1480 mA·h·g−1 at a suitable potential (0.5 V vs Li+/Li0) and the lowest

• remarkable properties such as the lowest polarization value for conversion electrodes (less than 0.2 V) at an average potential of 0.5 V vs Li+/Li0 and a high reversible capacity (1480 mA·h·g−1 which is four times that of Li/C electrodes). All these properties make MgH2 suitable as a material for negative

• reversible capacity of 1500 mA·h·g−1 (irreversible loss of 25%) can be obtained while a reversible capacity of 2700 mA·h·g−1 (irreversible loss 33%) is measured for both processes (Figure 6). II.2 Reaction of TiH2 with lithium The study of the reactions of titanium hydride with lithium is motivated by the

Magnesium batteries: Current state of the art, issues and future perspectives

• Rana Mohtadi and
• Fuminori Mizuno

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2014, 5, 1291–1311, doi:10.3762/bjnano.5.143

Synthesis and electrochemical performance of Li₂Co_1−xM_xPO₄F (M = Fe, Mn) cathode materials

• Nellie R. Khasanova,
• Oleg A. Drozhzhin,
• Stanislav S. Fedotov,
• Darya A. Storozhilova,
• Rodion V. Panin and
• Evgeny V. Antipov

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 860–867, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.97

• voltammetry supported a single-phase de/intercalation mechanism in the Li2Co0.9Mn0.1PO4F material. Keywords: energy related; fluorophosphates; high-energy cathode materials; high-voltage electrolyte; Li-ion batteries; nanomaterials; reversible capacity; Introduction In recent years the range of application

A facile synthesis of a carbon-encapsulated Fe₃O₄ nanocomposite and its performance as anode in lithium-ion batteries

• Raju Prakash,
• Katharina Fanselau,
• Shuhua Ren,
• Tapan Kumar Mandal,
• Christian Kübel,
• Horst Hahn and
• Maximilian Fichtner

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 699–704, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.79

• was synthesized by a simple one-step pyrolysis of Fe(CO)5. The nanocomposite exhibits well-constructed core–shell and nanotube structures with Fe3O4 cores and graphitic shells/tubes. The nanocomposite electrode exhibits a stable reversible capacity of 920 mAh·g−1 at 93 mA·g−1 in the subsequent 50

AFM as an analysis tool for high-capacity sulfur cathodes for Li–S batteries

• Renate Hiesgen,
• Seniz Sörgel,
• Rémi Costa,
• Linus Carlé,
• Ines Galm,
• Natalia Cañas,
• Brigitta Pascucci and
• K. Andreas Friedrich

Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 611–624, doi:10.3762/bjnano.4.68

• –S cathodes [3][12][25][26]. In contrast to the DBC-PVDF sample, battery cathodes with the same composition but prepared by a home-made suspension spraying device (suspension coated, referred to as SC-PVDF) show a substantial reversible capacity of 330 mAh·g−1 after 50 cycles (see Figure 1). The

• the SC-CMC samples were prepared by spraying, it was not possible to obtain a reversible capacity, which is most likely due to the formation of a crust-like layer on the cathode surface upon cycling (Figure 2f). As one can see in Figure 2e, the application of a CMC binder in a sulfur cathode caused

• attributed to the good electrical path and structural stability given by the well-distributed sulfur-carbon composite network. In a first approach a reversible capacity value of approximately 330 mAh·g−1 was retained for up to 100 cycles. After 50 cycles batteries prepared with PVDF binder showed a much